|
 
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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 18
| Issue : 3 | Page : 228-235 |
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Potential effects of silver nanoparticles, synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus, for controlling of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum
Amr A El-Waseif1, Mohamed S Attia1, Dina E El-Ghwas2
1 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt, KSA
| Date of Submission | 24-Feb-2019 |
| Date of Acceptance | 07-Apr-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 26-Sep-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Amr A El-Waseif
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751
Egypt
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/epj.epj_8_19
Background Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease, which is considered a destructive disease, leading to decreased growth and death of most infected plants.
Materials and methods After 7 days of incubation of Streptomyces clavuligerus on starch nitrate medium, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done by using the supernatant from the microorganism. The color changed to dark brown, proving the formation of AgNPs. The size of AgNPs was analyzed using transmission electron microscope. Various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl) were investigated against F.oxysporum by using agar well diffusion method. Disease symptoms, disease index percent, phytochemicals, and metabolic indicators of resistance in plant, such as the reaction to induction of systemic resistance, were recorded in tomato plants.
Results and conclusion The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape. The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly. The growth of Fusarium has been reduced by 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppm. Treatment with different concentration of nanoparticles resulted in different responses regarding the total phenol content, proline content, and total protein of Fusarium-infected plants. Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively. Therefore, it could be suggested that the application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against this disease, are less expensive, and are safe. Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum, silver nanoparticles, Streptomyces clavuligerus, transmission electron microscope, tomato plant, wilt disease
How to cite this article:
El-Waseif AA, Attia MS, El-Ghwas DE. Potential effects of silver nanoparticles, synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus, for controlling of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Egypt Pharmaceut J 2019;18:228-35 |
How to cite this URL:
El-Waseif AA, Attia MS, El-Ghwas DE. Potential effects of silver nanoparticles, synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus, for controlling of wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Egypt Pharmaceut J [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 29];18:228-35. Available from: http://www.epj.eg.net/text.asp?2019/18/3/228/263703 |
| Introduction | |  |
Plants are affected with diseases by an assortment of pathogenic microorganisms that present in their surroundings and in soil rhizosphere. Plant disease can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses, fungi and bacteria, which lead to considerable loss in crop around the world [1]. Among the soil pathogens, Fusarium spp. are soil-borne fungi that synthesize various mycotoxins (secondary metabolites), which belong to the class of fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and nivalenol [2]. The secondary metabolites are synthesized owing to various stressful conditions (fungus-plant and/or environmental interaction), and these mycotoxins have specific type of biological activities, such as toxicity, phytotoxicity, and antibiosis [3]. For example, Fusarium oxysporum causes the Fusarium wilt disease, which affects the crop yield negatively and significantly decreases the quality and the quantity of the crop [4],[5]. Disease suppression using the biocontrol agents is the sustained manifestation of the interaction among the biocontrol agent, the pathogen, the plant, the physical environment, and the microbial community around the plant [6]. To control plant disease, one of the most important strategies for defense is the utilization of nanotechnology by synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [7],[8]. However, nanoparticles may enhance the growth of plants by improving nitrogen-fixation capability and photosynthesis in roots and leaves, respectively, where nanoparticles could encourage conversion efficiency and the energy utilization [9],[10]. AgNPs were applied for the inhibiting the harmful infections and the control of microorganisms. Moreover, many scientists have proved that the antimicrobial activities of AgNPs are owing to the positive charge that reserve AgNPs in responsive with proteins of negatively charged on the cell membranes, and consequently contributing to the antimicrobial activities of AgNPs [11],[12]. This research expected to synthesize AgNPs utilizing the actinomycetes strain Streptomyces clavuligerus, to characterize the resultant AgNPs using transmission electron microscope (TEM), and to investigate the antagonistic effect of the resultant AgNPs on the isolated F. oxysporum, which causes wilt disease in plants.
| Materials and methods | | |
Silver nanoparticles
Biological synthesis of Silver nanoparticles
S. clavuligerus was incubated for 7 days on a starch nitrate medium (g/l): starch 10.0, potassium nitrate 2.0, K2HPO4 1.0, MgSO4 · 7H2O 0.5, NaCl 0.5, FeSO4 0.01 and CaCO3 3.0, and 1000 ml H2O, with the pH adjusted to 7.0. Thereafter, the supernatant of S. clavuligerus was used for the synthesis of AgNPs. A solution of silver nitrate (1 mmol/l) was prepared by dissolving 0.017 g of the compound in 100 ml of distilled water. Then, 95 ml of silver nitrate solution was added to 5 ml of S. clavuligerus supernatant and incubated again for 7 days at room temperature under dark conditions, and color change was observed [13].
Silver nanoparticles shape and size characterization using transmission electron microscope
This study was undertaken to know the size and shape of AgNPs. The TEM image was carried out using electron probe micro-analyser JEOL − JXA 840 A, Model (Japan). Place. Thin films of the sample were prepared on a coated copper grid by just placing a very small amount of the sample on the grid. Then the film on the TEM grid was kept for drying, and the images of AgNPs were taken.
Isolation and maintenance of pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum)
F. oxysporum was isolated from infected wilted tomato plants according to Katan et al. [14] and identified macroscopically according to morphological features [15]. The isolated fungus was maintained on PDA at 24°C. To induce sporulation, cultures were transferred on PDA at 24°C for 6 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared as described in Boedo et al. [16]. Spore density was counted by a hemocytometer and adjusted to 107 spores per ml, and then pathogen was confirmed by pathogenicity test according to Hibar et al. [17].
Antagonistic effects of isolated bacteria against Fusarium oxysporum
The antimicrobial activity was investigated by using agar well diffusion method as follows: 20.0 ml of the media (SDA for pathogenic fungi at 28–30°C) was inoculated with 20.0 μl of the prepared F. oxysporum suspensions and poured in 9.0-cm diameter plates, mixed well, and allowed to solidify. After solidification, holes of 9.0-mm diameter were made in the agar plate by the aid of a sterile Cork borer. For each sample, duplicate holes were made and then different concentrations of the AgNPs were poured in the prepared holes using an automatic micropipette. The petri dishes were kept in a refrigerator for 1 h to permit homogenous diffusion of the antimicrobial agent before growth of the test microorganisms, and then the plates were incubated at 28°C for 72 h for F. oxysporum. The antimicrobial activities were determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone [18].
Plant material and growing conditions
For the present investigation, 4-week-old tomato seedlings were obtained kindly from Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
Greenhouse experiment
This study was conducted in a pot experiment at an experimental farm station of Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (20, 40, and 60 μl) were added by using different applications methods, which are as follows: foliar shoot (FS) until dropping, root immersion (RI) for 10 min, and FS+RI before 1 week of infection with F. oxysporum. Complete block design was used with nine treatments and two controls (each has five replicates). Disease development was recorded for 15 days after inoculation. Disease index was recorded. The plant samples were collected for physiological and biochemical indicators for resistance analysis when the plants were 40 days old.
Disease symptoms and disease index
Disease symptoms were assessed 60 days after inoculation, and the disease index was evaluated according to Demir et al. [19]. Percent disease index (PDI) was calculated using the five-grade scale according to the following formula:
where n1–n4 is the number of plants in the indicated classes and nt is the total number of plants tested. The percent protection was calculated using the following formula:
where A=PDI in infected control plants and B=PDI in infected-treated plants.
Determination of phytochemicals
Determination of phenolic compounds (mg/100 g of dry weight) was carried out according to the method described by Daniel and George [20].
Contents of free proline (mg/100 g of dry weight) were determined according to the method described by Bates et al. [21].
Total soluble proteins (mg/100 g of dry weight) were determined according to Lowery et al. [22].
Peroxidase activity was assayed according to that method described by Srivastava [23].
The activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was determined according to the method adopted by Matta and Dimond [24].
Statistical analyses
The experiment data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance, and the differences between means were separated using Duncan’s multiple rang test and the LSD at 5% level of probability using Co-state software [25].
| Results | | |
Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles
After the end of the incubation period, color changed into dark brown owing to the synthesis of Ag+ ions, and this confirms the synthesis of AgNPs. The occurrence of a dark brown color in solution of the S. clavuligerus filtrate is the sign for the formation of AgNPs.
Silver nanoparticles characterization is produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus using transmission electron microscope
The results in [Figure 1] observed that the AgNPs showed varying sizes according to the stimulation of surface plasmon vibrations that appear in these AgNPs ranging from oval to spherical in shape. Moreover, under magnification of 100 nm, the size of AgNPs ranged from 13 to 38 nm ([Figure 1]a), whereas under magnification of 200 nm, the sizes ranged from 4 to 16 nm ([Figure 1]b). | Figure 1 Transmission electron microscope of silver nanoparticles produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus (a) scale 200 nm and (b) scale 100 nm.
Click here to view |
Antifungal activity in-vitro of silver nanoparticles against Fusarium oxysporum
Various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl) were investigated against F. oxysporum, which causes wilt disease in tomato, by agar well diffusion method. The results observed in [Figure 2] and Photo 1 show that the concentrations of AgNPs of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl gave inhibition zones of 27, 23, 19, 18, and 12 mm in diameter, respectively. | Figure 2 Antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles obtained from Streptomyces clavuligerus against Fusarium oxysporum.
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The effect of silver nanoparticles on percent disease incidence and protection % of tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum
Results in [Table 1] showed that all applied concentrations of AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus using different application methods (FS, FS+RI, and RI) reduced significantly wilt PDI caused by F. oxysporum compared with untreated infected control plants, which showed infection percentage reaching up to 83.33%. | Table 1 The effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus on percent of disease incidence and protection % of tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum
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Moreover, the results proved that the application of AgNP concentrations at 20, 40, and 60 μl by FS+RI method was the best treatment, which gave reduced PDI (13.25, 11.25, and 8%) and caused higher protection by 84.10, 86.50, and 90.40%, respectively. This was followed by AgNP concentrations at 20, 40 and 60 μl with RI method, which reduced PDI by 26.5, 24.25, and 22.75% and caused protection by 68.20, 70.90, and 72.80%, respectively. Finally, the AgNPs at concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 μl, with FS method reduced the PDI by 63.25, 56.00, and 55.50% and cause protection by 24.10, 32.80, and 33.39%, respectively.
Physiological and metabolic changes in plant
Results shown in [Table 2] revealed that total phenol and proline content as well as total soluble proteins of tomato plants significantly increased in response to the infection with F. oxysporum. However, treatment with AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus, resulted in different responses of fusarium-infected plants. These responses were different owing to the concentrations of AgNPs and to the methods of application. Concerning the effect of different concentrations from AgNPs with different application methods on total phenols of the infected plants with F. oxysporum, it was found that treatments with concentrations of AgNPs of 20, 40, and 60% using FS+RI and RI methods were the best treatments, followed by concentrations of AgNPs at 20, 40, and 60% using RI, FS, and FS+RI methods, respectively. Then came next, AgNPs at 20, 40, and 60% using RI, FS, and FS+RI methods, respectively. This observed increased was found to be statically significant. | Table 2 Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus on total phenol content, proline content, and protein contents in tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum
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In addition, it is clear from [Table 2] that proline contents of infected tomato plants significantly increased owing to all applied inducers. Application of AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using FS+RI method was the best treatments, followed by AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using RI methods, and next came AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using FS method, correspondingly. This observed increased was found to be statically significant.
In this context, the data of [Table 2] showed that all tested inducers, with three exceptions, increased total soluble protein contents in infected plants compared with the untreated infected control. These exceptions were treatment by AgNPs at 20, 40, and 60 using IR and FS methods. Applications of AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using FS+RI method were the best treatments, followed by AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using RI and FS methods, respectively. These changes were found to be statistically significant.
Oxidative enzymes activity
Results in [Figure 3] and [Figure 4] show that the alterations in the action of oxidative enzymes [peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes] in fusarium-infected tomato plants were significantly increased than that of noninfected ones (control). Furthermore, treatment with AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (AgNPs) resulted in different responses of infected plants by fusarium. These reactions were different owing to the method of application and the concentration of AgNPs. | Figure 3 Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus on the activity of peroxidase enzyme (μg/g fresh weight) at the shoots of infected tomato plants with Fusarium oxysporum.
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 | Figure 4 Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Streptomyces clavuligerus on the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme (μg/g fresh weight) at the shoots of infected tomato plants with Fusarium oxysporum.
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All applied inducers significantly increased polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in contrast with infected control. Applications of AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using FS+RI and IR methods were the best treatments, followed by AgNPs at 20, 40, and 60% using FS+RI and IR methods, correspondingly. Then came the AgNPs at 60, 40 and 20% using FS method, correspondingly, which resulted in increase of peroxidase activity.
Regarding PPO activity, it was found that applications of AgNPs at 60, 40 and 20% using FS+RI method were the best treatments, followed by AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using RI methods, correspondingly. Then next came AgNPs at 60, 40, and 20% using FS method, correspondingly. This increase was found to be statically significant.
| Discussion | | |
The aim of this study was the updating the results of systemic resistance (SR) in tomato plants versus wilt disease caused by F. oxysporum. Anyways, numerous trials have been successively done to conclude if induction of resistance was achieved and if AgNPs protect tomato plants against F. oxysporum by direct inoculation or not. First, biological synthesis of AgNPs was determined by a dark brown color appearance in filtrate of the S. clavuligerus, and this is a sign for the synthesis of AgNPs in the filtrate [26]. Several reports stated that the biosynthesis of Ag+ is owing to the electron shuttle quinines and reducing agents such as enzymes [27]. This was proved by TEM for the resulted AgNPs which was found to be ranging from spherical to oval in shape and ranging from 4 to 38 nm in size under different magnifications. On the contrary, the antifungal activity of using various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μl) were investigated, and the results obtained proved that AgNPs have significant potential as an antifungal agent in treatment of F. oxysporum, which causes wilt disease in tomato plants. Alt et al. [28] demonstrated that AgNPs link to cell film and penetrate into the fungi, and then they create a site with a low molecular weight in the fungi center, and then AgNPs connect to respiratory sequence, which leads to stopping of cell division and finally cell death, as AgNPs liberate silver ions in fungal cell, leading to an increase in its function as an antifungal agent. Moreover, it was demonstrated that AgNPs link to bacterial cell wall of negatively charged and leading to the denaturation of cell protein and cell death [29],[30]. On the contrary, the results also showed different abilities of AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (AgNPs) according to the concentration used and the methods of applications in controlling fusarium wilt disease. The first indicator to govern the occurrence of SR in plants through treatment with AgNPs extracts is reduced percentage of disease index and highly increased protection against infection by F. oxysporum. The inhibition of the pathogenic infection may be owing to bioactive metabolites or siderophore production by S. clavuligerus through physicochemical and biological characteristics of AgNPs. The obtained results showed that, all applied concentrations of AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (AgNPs) using different methods of applications such as FS, FS+RI, and RI can reduce significantly disease incidence (PDI) caused by F. oxysporum compared with untreated infected control plants. However, several bioactive metabolites synthesized by the genus Streptomyces are widely recognized that can work to control phytopathogen and to give an advantage to endophytic or rhizosphere colonization [31]. On the contrary, two siderophores and two terpenes biosynthesis gene clusters were revealed. Moreover, plant defense can be stimulated by using priming phenomenon, leading to promotion of SR [32]. Furthermore, the promotion of SR in fusarium-infected tomato plants by AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (AgNPs) and the involved mechanisms were investigated. The obtained results showed that AgNPs worked as a potential inducer in induction of SR. All treatments with AgNPs especially using FS+RI method significantly increased phenolic level, proline amount, and total soluble protein content. Phenols work as substrates for several of antioxidant enzymes as well as free radical scavengers [33]. Many phenols are respected as inhibitors of pre-infection, supplying the plant with specific level of essential resistance against pathogenic microorganism. Therefore, cell wall lignification and phenol metabolism are engaged in and have conclusion for several cellular of ecological process and whole plant, that may supply plants the immunity against negative agents [34]. When microbial pathogens infect plants, they synthesize reactive oxygen species that promote cell death in the plant cells around the infected site to effect on the wall of pathogen and eliminate the disease [35],[36]. The proline (amino acid) may work as potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and this prevents the promotion of cell death [37]. Our results also, proved that, the content of proline was increased in treated plant by AgNPs. These results agree with Shahnaz et al. [38] who showed that, the levels of proline were increased in the infected tomato plants compared with the noninfected control plant. During SR, induction all treatments AgNPs using different methods triggered peroxidase and PPO activities. This results demonstrated that in plants infected with fusarium the antioxidant enzymes activity increased significantly. PPO and PO action were greater in the treated plants with AgNPs, especially using FS+RI method, and challenged with fusarium, compared with infected plants. In this regard, improved PPO action against insect pests and disease has been proved in many beneficial microbe-plants associations [39]. These results proved also a difference in disease resistance mechanisms was engaged in promoting resistance by AgNPs synthesized from S. clavuligerus (AgNPs) with different application methods.
| Conclusion | | |
F. oxysporum causes wilt disease, which is considered a destructive disease, leading to decreased growth and death of most infected plants. AgNPs Bio-syntheses using S. clavuligerus with size from 4 to 38 nm oval to spherical shape reduce F. oxysporum by 60, 40 ppm and followed by 20 ppm. Applications of 60 ppm by FS+RI and RI were proved to be the best treatments that can reduce percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively. Therefore, it could be suggested that application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against these disease, are less expensive, and are safe.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the staff of Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, and staff of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial products Department, National Research Centre.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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